8+ Ways to List an Incomplete Degree on Your Resume


8+ Ways to List an Incomplete Degree on Your Resume

Together with unfinished faculty coursework on a resume requires cautious consideration and a strategic method. Sometimes, this entails indicating the establishment’s identify, the sector of examine, the dates of attendance, and any accomplished coursework or credit earned. For instance, one may checklist “College of X, Laptop Science, 2020-2022, 60 credit accomplished.” It is also applicable to say any related coursework, initiatives, or abilities acquired in the course of the incomplete program, particularly these aligning with the goal job’s necessities.

Candidly presenting partial tutorial achievements can exhibit dedication to steady studying {and professional} improvement. This transparency also can preemptively tackle potential questions throughout interviews. Traditionally, the emphasis on formal levels has developed. Immediately, demonstrated abilities and expertise usually maintain equal or larger weight, making the strategic presentation of incomplete training much more related. This method permits candidates to showcase the worth gained from their tutorial pursuits, even with no accomplished diploma.

The next sections will delve into particular methods for presenting unfinished levels, together with formatting suggestions, examples tailor-made to varied situations, and recommendation on addressing this subject throughout interviews.

1. Establishment Title

Together with the establishment’s identify when itemizing an incomplete diploma gives important context for potential employers. It permits them to evaluate the tutorial rigor and status related to the coursework undertaken. As an example, itemizing “Massachusetts Institute of Expertise, Physics, 2021-2023” carries a unique weight than “Native Neighborhood Faculty, Physics, 2021-2023,” even when the diploma stays incomplete in each instances. This distinction permits employers to gauge the tutorial atmosphere and potential challenges related to the particular program.

Moreover, the establishment’s identify facilitates verification of coursework and credit earned. This provides a layer of credibility to the applicant’s claims. Whereas an official transcript won’t be accessible for an incomplete diploma, the establishment’s data can usually affirm attendance and program particulars. This verification course of strengthens the applicant’s presentation of educational expertise. Omitting the establishment’s identify can increase questions and doubtlessly undermine the worth of the listed coursework.

In abstract, offering the establishment’s identify is a crucial element of successfully itemizing an incomplete diploma. It presents context, facilitates verification, and enhances the credibility of the applicant’s tutorial expertise. This transparency demonstrates professionalism and permits employers to precisely assess the worth of the unfinished coursework. This element, whereas seemingly minor, can considerably affect an employer’s notion of a candidate’s tutorial background and general potential.

2. Dates Attended

Correct illustration of attendance dates is essential when itemizing an incomplete diploma. These dates present context all through examine and assist potential employers perceive the timeline of educational pursuits. Additionally they permit for a extra correct evaluation of profession development and potential gaps in employment historical past. Clear and exact date ranges exhibit consideration to element and professionalism, additional enhancing the credibility of the introduced info.

  • Transparency and Honesty

    Offering correct begin and finish dates demonstrates transparency, even when the tutorial program wasn’t accomplished. This honesty builds belief with potential employers, because it permits them to totally assess a candidates background. For instance, itemizing “2019-2021” for a three-year program clarifies that the diploma was not completed, avoiding potential misinterpretations. This upfront method might be extra useful than omitting the knowledge altogether.

  • Context for Profession Development

    Attendance dates present invaluable context for profession adjustments or durations of centered tutorial pursuit. They make clear the timeline {of professional} improvement and clarify potential gaps in employment. As an example, if a candidate left a job in 2019 to pursue a level and returned to the workforce in 2021, itemizing the tutorial program with the corresponding dates explains the two-year hole. This contextualization strengthens the general narrative of the resume.

  • Correct Illustration of Educational Engagement

    Exact dates precisely mirror the precise time spent within the tutorial program. This accuracy is important for demonstrating dedication to training, even when the diploma stays incomplete. Itemizing particular months, for instance, “August 2019 – December 2021,” gives a extra exact account of educational engagement than merely itemizing “2019-2021.” This degree of element showcases a dedication to accuracy and thoroughness.

  • Facilitates Verification

    Offering correct dates permits potential employers to confirm attendance data with the establishment if wanted. This verifiability provides credibility to the listed info. Whereas a proper transcript won’t exist for an incomplete diploma, establishments can sometimes affirm enrollment dates, additional validating the candidate’s tutorial expertise.

In conclusion, precisely representing attendance dates for an incomplete diploma demonstrates transparency, gives invaluable context for profession development, precisely displays tutorial engagement, and facilitates verification. These components contribute to a extra complete and credible presentation of educational expertise on a resume, finally enhancing a candidate’s profile.

3. Discipline of Examine

Specifying the sector of examine when itemizing an incomplete diploma gives essential context for potential employers. It clarifies the realm of educational focus and permits for a extra correct evaluation of abilities and data acquired. This info helps employers join the candidate’s tutorial background to the particular necessities of the goal function. The sector of examine acts as a lens by means of which employers can interpret the worth of the unfinished coursework.

  • Relevance to Goal Roles

    Clearly stating the sector of examine permits employers to shortly assess the relevance of the candidate’s tutorial background to the job necessities. For instance, an applicant pursuing a software program engineering function advantages from itemizing “Laptop Science” as their subject of examine, even when the diploma is incomplete. This instantly indicators related data and abilities. Conversely, itemizing a much less immediately associated subject may require additional clarification inside the resume to determine the connection.

  • Demonstrating Specialised Data

    Even with no accomplished diploma, indicating the sector of examine showcases specialised data acquired throughout this system. An incomplete diploma in “Mechanical Engineering” signifies familiarity with core engineering rules, even when particular certifications or licensures have not been obtained but. This highlights the candidate’s potential to contribute to roles requiring such experience.

  • Contextualizing Acquired Abilities

    The sector of examine gives context for the particular abilities acquired throughout this system. As an example, an incomplete diploma in “Knowledge Science” suggests proficiency in statistical evaluation and knowledge manipulation, even with out formal commencement. This context permits employers to know the character of the abilities gained and their potential applicability to the job necessities.

  • Highlighting Profession Trajectory

    The sector of examine can reinforce a candidate’s desired profession trajectory. Itemizing a subject immediately aligned with the goal business demonstrates intentionality and dedication to a particular profession path. This readability might be significantly invaluable for profession changers or these returning to the workforce after a interval of educational pursuit.

In conclusion, clearly stating the sector of examine enhances the worth of itemizing an incomplete diploma. It permits for a extra correct evaluation of relevance, demonstrates specialised data, contextualizes acquired abilities, and highlights profession trajectory. This seemingly easy element performs an important function in successfully presenting incomplete tutorial experiences on a resume and maximizing their affect on potential employers.

4. Credit Earned

Quantifying tutorial progress by means of credit earned gives invaluable context when presenting an incomplete diploma on a resume. This element provides a tangible measure of accomplishment and permits potential employers to evaluate the extent of educational engagement. Whereas the diploma itself stays unfinished, the variety of credit earned demonstrates dedication and progress inside the chosen subject of examine. This part explores the nuances of successfully presenting credit earned inside the context of an incomplete diploma.

  • Quantifiable Progress

    Itemizing credit earned presents a quantifiable measure of educational progress, even with out diploma completion. This gives a concrete metric for potential employers to evaluate the extent of information and abilities acquired. For instance, stating “90 credit earned” on a resume signifies substantial progress towards a level, demonstrating a major funding of effort and time. This quantification strengthens the presentation of incomplete tutorial work.

  • Context for Incomplete Research

    Together with credit earned gives context for the unfinished diploma, indicating how far alongside the candidate progressed in this system. This clarifies the extent of publicity to the curriculum and helps employers gauge the breadth of information gained. As an example, 30 credit earned versus 90 credit earned inside a 120-credit program paints a really completely different image of the candidate’s tutorial expertise. This context helps employers interpret the importance of the unfinished diploma.

  • Demonstrating Dedication

    The variety of credit earned demonstrates dedication to tutorial pursuits, even when the diploma wasn’t finalized. This indicators a willingness to take a position effort and time in steady studying, which generally is a invaluable asset for potential employers. A major variety of credit earned can showcase dedication and perseverance, qualities usually wanted in skilled settings.

  • Supporting Ability Growth Narrative

    Credit earned can assist the narrative of ability improvement inside the resume. By connecting accomplished coursework to particular abilities gained, candidates can exhibit the sensible software of their tutorial pursuits. For instance, itemizing “60 credit earned, together with coursework in venture administration and software program improvement” reinforces the acquisition of related abilities for technical roles, even with no accomplished diploma.

In abstract, strategically presenting credit earned provides depth and credibility to an incomplete diploma on a resume. By quantifying progress, offering context, demonstrating dedication, and supporting ability improvement narratives, candidates can successfully showcase the worth of their tutorial experiences, no matter formal diploma completion. This method maximizes the affect of incomplete tutorial work and permits potential employers to totally respect the candidate’s data and abilities.

5. Related Coursework

When presenting an incomplete diploma on a resume, highlighting related coursework strengthens the narrative of ability improvement and connects tutorial expertise on to potential job necessities. This method permits candidates to showcase tangible data and abilities gained, even with out formal diploma completion. Fastidiously deciding on and presenting related coursework maximizes the affect of an incomplete diploma and demonstrates its worth to potential employers.

  • Focused Ability Demonstration

    Itemizing related coursework permits candidates to exhibit particular abilities acquired throughout their tutorial pursuits, immediately addressing the necessities of goal roles. For instance, an applicant concentrating on an information evaluation place can checklist coursework equivalent to “Statistical Modeling,” “Knowledge Mining,” or “Database Administration” to showcase related experience, even when the information science diploma itself is incomplete. This focused method emphasizes sensible abilities gained and their applicability to the specified job operate.

  • Strengthening Incomplete Diploma Worth

    Related coursework provides substance to an incomplete diploma, remodeling it from a easy document of attendance right into a demonstrable acquisition of information and abilities. This strengthens the perceived worth of the unfinished training and gives concrete examples of educational accomplishments. Itemizing particular programs associated to the goal function, like “Superior Calculus” for engineering roles or “Monetary Accounting” for finance positions, substantiates the candidate’s {qualifications}, even with no accomplished diploma.

  • Bridging the Hole to Sensible Software

    Highlighting related coursework bridges the hole between theoretical tutorial data and sensible software, showcasing the candidate’s capability to translate discovered ideas into real-world abilities. For instance, a candidate with an incomplete laptop science diploma can checklist coursework in “Software program Engineering Ideas” or “Object-Oriented Programming” to exhibit sensible software program improvement abilities. This connection between tutorial studying and sensible software enhances the candidate’s perceived readiness for the goal function.

  • Contextualizing Educational Expertise

    Related coursework gives context for the unfinished diploma, permitting potential employers to know the particular areas of focus inside the chosen subject of examine. This contextualization helps employers consider the relevance of the acquired data and abilities to the particular necessities of the open place. As an example, an incomplete psychology diploma good points larger relevance for a counseling function when accompanied by coursework in “Scientific Psychology” or “Counseling Strategies.” This added context clarifies the candidate’s space of experience inside the broader subject.

In conclusion, strategically presenting related coursework is important when itemizing an incomplete diploma on a resume. By concentrating on particular abilities, strengthening the diploma’s worth, demonstrating sensible software, and offering context, candidates can successfully showcase the tangible advantages of their tutorial pursuits, even with out formal diploma completion. This method transforms the unfinished diploma from a possible legal responsibility into an asset, highlighting related abilities and expertise gained in the course of the tutorial journey.

6. Contextualize Gaps

Addressing gaps in a resume, significantly these associated to an incomplete diploma, requires cautious contextualization to current a transparent and complete skilled narrative. These gaps, if left unexplained, can increase questions and doubtlessly hinder a candidate’s prospects. Strategic contextualization transforms potential liabilities into alternatives to showcase profession development, dedication to training, and proactive profession administration. This part explores the important thing aspects of successfully contextualizing gaps associated to incomplete levels.

  • Immediately Addressing the Incomplete Diploma

    Clearly stating the rationale for not finishing the diploma demonstrates transparency and permits potential employers to know the circumstances. This direct method mitigates potential detrimental assumptions. Causes may embrace monetary constraints, household obligations, or a shift in profession objectives. For instance, a quick clarification equivalent to “Left program in 2022 attributable to household obligations” gives readability and context. This sincere and easy method builds belief and demonstrates proactive profession administration.

  • Highlighting Concurrent Experiences

    Emphasizing experiences gained in the course of the interval of the unfinished diploma, equivalent to related work expertise, volunteer work, or skill-building actions, demonstrates steady skilled improvement. This showcases productiveness and a dedication to development, even with out formal diploma completion. For instance, itemizing related work expertise gained in the course of the interval of incomplete examine immediately connects the hole to skilled improvement. This reinforces the worth of the experiences gained throughout that point and demonstrates steady progress.

  • Connecting Abilities Gained to Profession Objectives

    Explicitly linking the abilities and data gained in the course of the incomplete program to present profession aspirations demonstrates the worth of the tutorial expertise, even with out formal commencement. This emphasizes the relevance of the coursework to the goal function. As an example, explaining how coursework in venture administration from an incomplete MBA program is being utilized to present work obligations reinforces the sensible worth of the unfinished training. This connection strengthens the general narrative {of professional} improvement and profession development.

  • Framing the Hole as a Deliberate Selection

    Presenting the choice to pursue the diploma, even when incomplete, as a deliberate funding in skilled improvement reframes the hole as a constructive step in profession development. This demonstrates a proactive method to ability enhancement and a dedication to steady studying. Explaining how the unfinished diploma offered foundational data for a profession transition, even with out completion, highlights the strategic worth of the tutorial expertise. This proactive framing emphasizes the deliberate nature of the choice to pursue additional training and its constructive affect on profession trajectory.

By immediately addressing the unfinished diploma, highlighting concurrent experiences, connecting abilities gained to profession objectives, and framing the hole as a deliberate selection, candidates can successfully contextualize potential gaps on a resume. This method transforms potential weaknesses into strengths, showcasing steady studying, proactive profession administration, and a transparent dedication to skilled improvement. This strategic contextualization ensures that the unfinished diploma contributes positively to the general narrative of the resume, finally enhancing the candidate’s profile.

7. Be Sincere and Clear

Honesty and transparency are paramount when presenting an incomplete diploma on a resume. This method fosters belief with potential employers and permits for a extra correct evaluation of a candidate’s {qualifications}. Making an attempt to misrepresent or conceal incomplete tutorial work can result in detrimental penalties later within the hiring course of and even after employment begins. This part explores the important thing aspects of sustaining honesty and transparency when addressing incomplete levels on a resume.

  • Correct Illustration of Educational Historical past

    Presenting incomplete coursework precisely, with out embellishment or misrepresentation, is important. This consists of precisely itemizing the establishment’s identify, dates of attendance, subject of examine, and credit earned. Keep away from utilizing terminology that suggests diploma completion when it hasn’t been achieved. As an example, itemizing “Bachelor of Science in Progress” is extra correct than merely “Bachelor of Science” when the diploma is incomplete. This accuracy ensures that the employer has a transparent understanding of the candidate’s tutorial standing.

  • Brazenly Addressing the Incomplete Standing

    Clearly indicating that the diploma is incomplete avoids potential misunderstandings and demonstrates integrity. This may be achieved by means of clear labeling, equivalent to “Incomplete Bachelor of Arts” or by itemizing the dates of attendance with no commencement date. This transparency preemptively addresses potential questions and permits the candidate to manage the narrative surrounding their tutorial historical past. It additionally demonstrates respect for the employer’s time and consideration for his or her analysis course of.

  • Offering Context When Acceptable

    Whereas honesty is essential, candidates also can present temporary, related context for the unfinished diploma. This may embrace explaining causes for leaving this system, equivalent to monetary constraints or household obligations. Nonetheless, preserve explanations concise {and professional}, specializing in factual info relatively than emotional justifications. As an example, “Program paused attributable to relocation” presents concise context with out pointless element. This provides readability with out dwelling on private circumstances.

  • Specializing in Abilities and Data Gained

    Whereas acknowledging the unfinished standing is important, candidates must also spotlight the abilities and data acquired throughout their tutorial pursuits. This emphasizes the worth gained from the expertise, even with out formal diploma completion. Itemizing related coursework, initiatives, or abilities developed throughout this system demonstrates tangible achievements and reinforces the candidate’s {qualifications}. This constructive framing showcases the sensible advantages of the unfinished training, shifting the main target from what was not achieved to what was gained.

In conclusion, honesty and transparency are foundational to successfully presenting an incomplete diploma on a resume. Correct illustration, open acknowledgment of incomplete standing, offering concise context, and specializing in acquired abilities and data create a complete and reliable presentation of educational expertise. This method permits potential employers to precisely assess a candidate’s {qualifications} and fosters a constructive {and professional} relationship from the outset.

8. Deal with Abilities Gained

When itemizing an incomplete diploma on a resume, emphasizing acquired abilities is essential. This method shifts the main target from what wasn’t accomplished to the tangible worth gained from the tutorial expertise. By showcasing related abilities, candidates exhibit sensible talents acquired throughout their research, mitigating the potential detrimental notion of an unfinished diploma. This part explores the aspects of successfully highlighting abilities gained within the context of an incomplete diploma.

  • Quantifiable Ability Demonstration

    Presenting abilities acquired in the course of the incomplete program gives concrete proof {of professional} improvement. Somewhat than merely itemizing coursework, candidates ought to articulate how that coursework translated into quantifiable abilities. For instance, as a substitute of simply itemizing “Introduction to Programming,” one may state “Developed proficiency in Python by means of coursework in introductory programming, finishing initiatives involving knowledge evaluation and algorithm implementation.” This quantifiable method demonstrates tangible ability improvement, even with out diploma completion.

  • Relevance to Goal Roles

    Specializing in abilities related to the goal job strengthens the connection between tutorial expertise and profession aspirations. Candidates ought to tailor the presentation of abilities to align with the particular necessities of the specified function. For instance, a person pursuing a advertising function may spotlight abilities in market analysis, knowledge evaluation, and digital advertising acquired by means of related coursework, even when the advertising diploma itself is incomplete. This focused method demonstrates the sensible applicability of the acquired abilities to the specified subject.

  • Addressing Ability Gaps Proactively

    Acknowledging the unfinished diploma whereas concurrently showcasing acquired abilities demonstrates a proactive method to skilled improvement. This method reassures potential employers that the candidate is actively working in direction of ability enhancement, even with out formal diploma completion. For instance, a candidate pursuing a venture administration function might clarify, “Whereas the venture administration certification program stays incomplete, sensible expertise managing initiatives throughout that interval resulted in demonstrable proficiency in danger evaluation, price range administration, and workforce management.” This proactive framing highlights steady studying and improvement.

  • Constructing a Narrative of Steady Studying

    Highlighting abilities gained from an incomplete diploma contributes to a broader narrative of steady studying {and professional} development. This method emphasizes the candidate’s dedication to self-improvement and adaptableness. As an example, a candidate may state, “Though the formal diploma in internet improvement is incomplete, ongoing self-study and venture work have resulted in proficiency in front-end improvement applied sciences equivalent to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.” This reinforces a dedication to steady ability improvement and adaptableness, invaluable belongings in right this moment’s dynamic job market.

In conclusion, specializing in abilities gained is important when itemizing an incomplete diploma. By quantifying abilities, highlighting relevance to focus on roles, addressing ability gaps proactively, and constructing a story of steady studying, candidates can successfully showcase the worth of their tutorial pursuits. This method transforms a possible detrimental an unfinished diploma right into a constructive demonstration of sensible abilities and a dedication to ongoing skilled improvement, finally strengthening the general affect of the resume.

Regularly Requested Questions

Addressing widespread considerations relating to the inclusion of incomplete levels on resumes can present readability and steerage for efficient presentation. The next questions and solutions provide sensible insights into navigating this side of resume improvement.

Query 1: Is it at all times essential to checklist an incomplete diploma?

Itemizing an incomplete diploma just isn’t at all times necessary however might be useful if the coursework is related to the goal function or demonstrates invaluable abilities. Omitting a just lately commenced diploma program typically would not increase considerations. Nonetheless, omitting a considerable, practically accomplished program may increase questions throughout interviews. Cautious consideration of relevance and context is essential.

Query 2: How ought to one checklist an incomplete diploma if the establishment is not working?

If the establishment is defunct, itemizing the establishment’s identify, dates of attendance, and subject of examine stays vital. Including a word equivalent to “Establishment closed in [year]” gives context. Specializing in acquired abilities and data turns into much more essential on this situation.

Query 3: What if the rationale for not finishing the diploma is private or delicate?

Offering extreme private element is pointless. A quick, skilled clarification, equivalent to “Program paused for private causes,” suffices. Emphasis ought to stay on acquired abilities and their relevance to the goal function.

Query 4: How does itemizing an incomplete diploma affect probabilities of getting an interview?

The affect will depend on the particular function, business, and the way the unfinished diploma is introduced. Clear and strategic presentation, emphasizing abilities and relevance, can mitigate potential detrimental perceptions. Highlighting steady studying {and professional} improvement can strengthen the general software.

Query 5: Ought to incomplete levels be listed below the “Training” or “Expertise” part?

Incomplete levels sometimes belong below the “Training” part. Nonetheless, vital initiatives or sensible experiences gained throughout this system might be briefly talked about within the “Expertise” part, referencing the unfinished diploma for context.

Query 6: How ought to one tackle an incomplete diploma throughout an interview?

Put together a concise {and professional} clarification for not finishing the diploma. Deal with the constructive points of the expertise, equivalent to abilities gained and related coursework. Reiterate dedication to steady studying and join acquired abilities to the goal function’s necessities.

Strategic presentation of an incomplete diploma requires considerate consideration of context, relevance, and transparency. Prioritizing honesty and emphasizing abilities acquired maximizes the constructive affect of the tutorial expertise on the general software.

The next part will present sensible examples of checklist incomplete levels on resumes in varied situations.

Suggestions for Itemizing Incomplete Levels on a Resume

Successfully presenting incomplete tutorial work requires a strategic method. The following tips present steerage for maximizing the affect of incomplete levels on a resume.

Tip 1: Be Truthful and Clear: Accuracy is paramount. Record the establishment, dates of attendance, and subject of examine exactly as they’re. Clearly point out the unfinished standing. Keep away from any language that might be misconstrued as claiming diploma completion.

Tip 2: Emphasize Acquired Abilities: Deal with the tangible abilities and data gained throughout this system. Join these abilities on to the necessities of goal roles. Quantify abilities with concrete examples every time potential. For instance, as a substitute of “Coursework in knowledge evaluation,” contemplate “Developed proficiency in statistical software program by means of knowledge evaluation coursework, leading to improved knowledge interpretation abilities.”

Tip 3: Contextualize the Hole: Briefly and professionally clarify the rationale for not finishing the diploma, if applicable. Maintain explanations concise and keep away from pointless private particulars. Deal with factual info and body the hole as a deliberate choice associated to profession objectives or different circumstances.

Tip 4: Spotlight Related Coursework: Record particular programs related to the goal job to showcase specialised data. This demonstrates the sensible software of educational expertise and reinforces {qualifications}. Prioritize programs immediately aligning with the specified job operate.

Tip 5: Quantify Progress with Credit: Embrace the variety of credit earned to exhibit the extent of educational engagement. This gives a tangible measure of progress and clarifies how far alongside the candidate progressed inside the program. This element provides substance to the unfinished diploma.

Tip 6: Take into account Placement and Formatting: Record the unfinished diploma inside the “Training” part of the resume. Use constant formatting for all academic entries. Keep knowledgeable and concise presentation, avoiding pointless elaborations.

Tip 7: Tailor Presentation to the Goal Function: Customise the knowledge introduced to align with the particular necessities of every goal function. Emphasize abilities and coursework most related to the specified place. This focused method maximizes the affect of the unfinished diploma.

Following the following tips ensures clear, sincere, and efficient presentation of incomplete levels, maximizing their affect on potential employers. Strategic framing transforms potential considerations into alternatives to showcase abilities, expertise, and dedication to steady studying.

The concluding part presents ultimate ideas and reinforces the significance of strategic resume presentation.

Conclusion

Strategic presentation of incomplete tutorial work requires cautious consideration and a nuanced method. This exploration has emphasised the significance of transparency, accuracy, and a concentrate on acquired abilities and data. Key takeaways embrace the necessity for clear and sincere illustration of educational historical past, the strategic worth of contextualizing gaps, and the significance of highlighting related coursework and quantifiable abilities gained. Efficient presentation transforms potential considerations into alternatives to showcase dedication to steady studying {and professional} improvement.

In right this moment’s dynamic skilled panorama, the emphasis on demonstrated abilities and steady studying continues to develop. Successfully presenting incomplete levels permits candidates to showcase the worth gained from their tutorial pursuits, even with out formal completion. This strategic method empowers people to leverage their tutorial experiences to their full potential, making a compelling narrative of development {and professional} improvement. Correct and considerate presentation ensures that each one tutorial experiences contribute positively to a candidate’s general profile.